In these subjects, the use of drugs is associated with a compulsive behavior directed to satisfy the physical and psychological need of the substance (OBrien et al., 1986). Pettigrew J., Miller-Day M., Ju Shin Y., Krieger J. L., Hecht M. L., Graham J. W. (2018). This involves a psychological closure which risks becoming the future personality of the addicted subject. Indeed, most people, especially youth, start in taking drugs due to the social conditioning or the peer pressure, learning this behavior through social interactions (family members, peer group, neighbor, and teacher). FFT changes the family interactions through positive reinforcements by introducing new problem-solving strategies. Peer Influence in Children and Adolescents: Crossing the Bridge from This review did not consider recent changes in the illicit/licit drug definition, an important issue especially in the United States, in which most of the studies on crime and deviance are published. How Communities Impact Juvenile Crime - MST Services Effects of cognitive and rational emotive behaviour therapies on drug abuse of senior secondary school students in Ibadan. As mentioned in the sociocultural theory of drug abuse, Bandura (1986) explained the theory of social learning according to which people can learn by observing others. VS: conceptualization. Hatzitaskos P., Soldatos C. R., Kokkevi A., Stefanis C. S. (1999). The severe 5%: a latent class analysis of the externalizing behavior spectrum in the United States. A Study of Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency Jeffrey J., Shook M. G., Vaughn C. P., Salas W. (2013). An analysis of the main results of the 61 articles published between 2010 and 2020 shows that adolescents whose parents are justice-involved and often absent from home are more likely to perceive lower cohesion, support, and poor family communication. For instance, in some cultures, adolescents are permitted to consume alcohol and smoke marijuana, and in other cultures they are not permitted to do so. Comparison of systematic and narrative reviews: the example of the atypical antipsychotics. In fact, both legal and illegal drugs have chemicals, which can influence the behavior and cognition of individuals. Adolescents who perceive their parents absent and unable to protect them from a risky context also experience a sense of un-confidence and discomfort (Garrido et al., 2018). Examining the link between adolescent brain development and risk-taking from a social-developmental perspective (reprinted). Karofi (2012) confirmed the association between drug abuse and a high crime rate. Constellations of family risk for long-term adolescent antisocial behavior. It is well known that narrative reviews do not include databases and inclusion criteria (e.g., Cipriani and Geddes, 2003; Collins and Fauser, 2005). Kjellstrand et al. " Social mechanisms of community influences on crime and pathways in criminality," in Causes of Conduct Disorder and Juvenile Delinquency, eds Lahey B. According to these studies, criminal areas consist of neighborhoods with a high need for economic assistance, unemployment, and general discomfort. However, as the types and frequency of drug-related behaviors influence the link between drug-related behaviors and criminal offending, the explanatory mechanisms are complex to identify (Shook et al., 2013). byMichael Shader1 Thejuvenilejusticefieldhasspent muchtimeandenergyattemptingtounderstandthecausesofdelinquency.Differenttheoretical modelsdescribetherelationshipbetweenvariablesandoutcomes.Researchershaveconcludedthatthereisnosinglepathtodelinquencyandnotethat thepresenceofseveralriskfactorsoftenincreasesayouth'schanceofoffending. Peer influences also include gang involvement, which is a significant factor in juvenile crime. Smoking: the social learning of an addiction. Parental incarceration during childhood and later delinquent outcomes among Puerto Rican adolescents and young adults in two contexts. Focus group with adolescents and parents. According to NotMyKid.org, parents view delinquency as excessive or violent fighting with siblings, defacing or destroying property . Links between parenting and internalizing and externalizing problems: cross-cultural evidence from ten countries. Indeed, negative parentchildren relationship could lead to a sense of lack support and to use violence as a strategy to survive (Kann et al., 2016). Additionally, to analyze the involvement of adolescents in drug-related behaviors, Phillips (2017) created a classification of these behaviors, considering the level of adolescents involvement measured on a continuum. Moreover, due to the absence of specific standard in the selection of the range of time for the research query and using similar methods of previous reviews (Weinberg et al., 1998; Putnam, 2003) the authors decided to focus their work on the past 10 years in writing the current review and also to avoid obsolete contributions. This is also true for an illicit substance. FOIA MDFT is based on indirectly helping family members to implement new ways of interacting with one another and supporting their family members drug-free lifestyle and facilitating a change of perspective. (3) Biological theory of drug abuse is based on the vulnerability link between potential genetic risk factors and the development of drug abuse. This aspect is important to evaluate adolescents risky trajectories, incorporating the developmental perspective. The quality of a narrative review may be improved by borrowing from the systematic review methodological elements aimed at reducing bias in the selection of articles for a review and employing an effective bibliographic research method. (2018). Externalizing behavior among youth with a current or formerly incarcerated parent. The first important result shows that residing in a neighborhood characterized by a high rate of unemployment is the most influential factor on adolescents onset marijuana use, whereas the environmental perception of disapproval in marijuana use is related to lower rates of adolescent cannabis use (Keyes et al., 2011). Robbins et al. Specifically, research on the biological origins of individual vulnerability to addiction describes the key role of the mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons, stress, and glucocorticoids, as identified by Piazza et al. NeMoyer et al. (2017). When juveniles commit a crime, they are often oblivious to the consequences. Juvenile Delinquency: Prevention, Treatment, and Risk Assessment Similarly, Shaw and McKay (1942) developed the social disorganization theory to define the study of areas with a higher rate of crime and poverty as criminal areas. Small traffics are transients and often an extension of consumption (Johnston et al., 2018). On the development of harmony, turbulence, and independence in parentadolescent relationships: a five-wave longitudinal study. Johnston L. D., Miech R. A., OMalley P. M., Bachman J. G., Schulenberg J. E., Patrick Jolliffe D., et al. Associative stigma: perceptions of the difficulties of college-aged children of stigmatized fathers. Inclusion in an NLM database does not imply endorsement of, or agreement with, Careers, Unable to load your collection due to an error. Social class, race, and juvenile delinquency: A review of the literature The effectiveness of functional family therapy for youth with behavioral problems in a community practice setting. These results show the importance of considering other factors, such as individual and family elements, which may play a moderating role in the adulthood outcomes, especially during development. In fact, the etiology of the substance abuse can be described as the triadic reciprocity influence of the behavioral, environmental and personal factors. According to a few literature studies, patients with narcissistic personality use cocaine as a self-medication to regulate dysphoric or depressed mood states, whereas people with antisocial personality and impulsivity traits, also defined as sensation seekers, use it to produce pleasant and positive emotional states (Rigliano and Bignamini, 2009). All these factors impact adolescents life, who might become a drug experimenter or emulate parents behaviors, being involved in criminal conducts (Saladino et al., 2020b). The primary theoretical frameworks in criminology and developmental psychology suggest a multifactorial approach in the study of the topic. Is marijuana really a gateway drug? The small drug dealing is often an extension of consumption and is understood as a sharing between friends who get the substance acquires prestige. Adverse childhood experiences and health-risk behaviors in vulnerably early adolescents. The Impact of Community Journalism | by Cassandra Hernandez - Medium Direct protective and buffering protective factors in the development of youth violence. Moreover, the criminal history of a neighborhood or of a family increases the social stigma and affects the probability of obtaining a higher education and employment, developing into the only possible career, criminality. According to the PODT (Miller-Day and Kam, 2010), the most favorable drug-talk style in preventing drug abuse is an ongoing direct style, in which parents express their opinion on drugs systematically (Shin et al., 2019). Abstract. An example of this perspective derived from the family-based therapy approaches that are focused on family in a multidimensional level. This approach is composed of three frameworks that help therapists and health professionals to think in terms of mutual interaction between different factors, including the influence on adolescents behavior. Ruhland E. L., Davis L., Atella J., Shlafer R. J. Moreover, in such cultures, alcohol and tobacco are considered as a normal product, and used by youth and adults in everyday life and as a social activity or a way to spend time and have fun within the peer group, considering drug use as a life experience. Social Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency in Urban Areas Autonomy describes balancing growth and independence through connectedness and boundary-setting and includes monitoring, restrictiveness, and parents approval of the adolescents friends. This article describes the role of communities in the production of delinquency. Juvenile delinquency has been seen as a global phenomenon. Positive communication with parents is an antidrug socialization agent (Shin and Miller-Day, 2017). On the contrary, the presence of parents increments the perceived support of the participants and, therefore, decreases risky conducts (Brown and Shillington, 2017). LoBraico E. J., Bray B. C., Feinberg M. E., Fosco G. M. (2020). The last one is an ecological framework based on an ecological approach as it studies the human behavior in a specific context. Educational projects can be the target considering gender and age differences. Garrido E. F., Weiler L. M., Taussig H. N. (2018). The evaluation of different contexts, situations, and family backgrounds is essential to give the correct interpretation of drug-related behaviors (e.g., escaping from family rules, parental negligence, survival, and involvement in peer groups). Neighborhood crime and adolescent cannabis use in canadian adolescents. Moreover, children would possibly associate the entire community with such behaviors, hence, becoming hard to correct them. Gunter T. D., Chibnall J. T., Antoniak S. K., Philibert R. A., Hollenbeck N. (2011). - Quora. The results showed that the group treated with BSFT reported higher levels of attendance and reduced probability to drop out than that treated with TAU. Adolescents have some characteristics and traits common to the DSM cluster B personality disorders that increase the likelihood of consuming drugs, for example, impulsiveness, tendency to transgress, dependence in relationships, difficulty in delaying gratification, insecurity, difficulty in managing emotions and sudden changes in mood. For most people, drug use consists of single experience or a few experiences. The author studied two groups. Harris C., Vazsonyi A. T., Bolland J. M. (2017). An official website of the United States government. According to the main findings discussed above, drug abuse in adolescence is a complex problem, which involves the individual and social and environmental levels as revealed in developmental psychology and psychopathology research studies. De Looze M., Janssen I., Elgar F. J., Craig W., Pickett W. (2015). Willoughby T., Good M., Adachi P. J. C., Hamza C., Tavernier R. (2014). Robertson A. Specially, binge drinking, more than marijuana use, seems to be related to low parental supervision and the absence of parent. These results have been replicated in other studies with community and population samples (Vaughn et al., 2011a, b) and in research using the samples of justice-involved youth (Gunter et al., 2011; Magyar et al., 2011; Jeffrey et al., 2013). Piazza P. V., Deroche V., Roug- Pont F., Le Moal M. (1998). The first one is the protective factor framework, which includes family, social, and individual domains. (New York, NY: Guilford Press; ). Tucker J. S., Pollard M. S., de la Haye K., Kennedy D. P., Green H. D. (2013). families in the community appears to influence the likelihood of juvenile delinquency. The data from the 2016 Minnesota Student Survey on 126,868 youth in public schools found that parental incarceration could determine an increased occurrence of externalizing behaviors among teens (Ruhland et al., 2020). (2019). DSM 5 identifies the Substance-related and addictive disorders section, including Substance use disorders, Substance-related disorders, and Substance/medication-induced mental disorders. Moreover, due to the ambiguity in its definition, ICD-10 use the term abuse only in the case of non-dependence-producing substances. Thus, the illegal act is specific to a certain phase of adolescence and does not continue into adulthood. Outcomes associated with adolescent marijuana and alcohol use among urban young adults: a prospective study. Consistent research findings support the reciprocal interaction between positive family climate and communication, and positive outcomes in desistance from crime and drug abuse in adolescents and adults (Hochstetler et al., 2010; Robertson et al., 2010; Okoiye and Adebisi, 2015). For instance, the abuse of marijuana seems to be more linked to the relationships with parents, as shown by a comparison between frequent marijuana users and never or less frequent lifetime marijuana users, where the first category of users is more likely to perceive a lack of parental support (De Looze et al., 2015). Hatano K., Sugimura K., Schwartz S. J. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. The theory of community policing suggests the existence of an alliance between community members intended to reduce the fear of crime, bolster relationships, and promote a positive response to community difficulties. People who use drugs more than occasionally can develop a drug addiction. Goffman (1963) referred to this attitude with the term stigma of courtesy, which was also defined as secondary or associative stigma (Furst and Evans, 2015). (2019) confirmed that parents formally incarcerated can lead to problematic developmental trajectories, such as suicide ideation, suicide attempt, adolescent delinquency, and substance abuse (Kjellstrand et al., 2019). The neurotransmission system that has been most clearly identified with the developmental actions of drug abuse is the mesolimbic dopamine system, with its efferent targets in the nucleus accumbens. government site. Thus, it is possible to study the relationship between drug dealing and criminal conduct according to a categorical approach. In fact, as the persons are encouraged to use drugs, they will look for like-minded people or groups and gradually move away from those who do not use drugs (Smith, 2021).

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