Among the 199 sexual polyploid (tetraploid or higher) taxa known in Japan, evidence for judging autopolyploidy vs. allopolyploidy are available in 34 (17.1%). Bull Nat Mus Nat Sci B 45:7786, Faith DP (1992) Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Erythrovariae, sect. 2013); (4) Pteris oshimensis (Pteridaceae), a widespread species, has a sexual diploid found only in the Amami Islands in contrast to widespread apomictic races (Nakato and Ebihara 2016). Nuclear DNA contents in the populations of Aichi prefecture. You can also see Introduction to Taxonomy for more on that topic. In the 2000s, single or low copy nuclear DNA regions became used as biparently inherited markers (e.g. 2015; Nitta et al. Acta Phytotax Geobot 69:143160. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344546, Lu J-M, Li D-Z, Lutz S, Soejima A, Yi T-S, Wen J (2011) Biogeographic disjunction between eastern Asia and North America in the Adiantum pedatum complex. Acta Phytotax Geobot 61:7586. Mol Phylog Evol 120:342353. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12229, Thunberg CP (1786) Flora Japonica sistens plantas Insularum Japonicarum, vol 2-3. Phylum Lycophyta: Club Mosses and More - CliffsNotes https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.2322, Kuo LY, Ebihara A, Shinohara W, Rouhan G, Wood KR, Wang CN, Chiou WL (2016) Historical biogeography of the fern genus Deparia (Athyriaceae) and its relation with polyploidy. environment. 2015). Vascular Plants (Seedless Vascular Plants) Common Name: Pterophytes Estimated Number of Species: 12,000. . Ethnobotany of Lycophyta and Polypodiophyta in Priority - BioOne Our updated occurrence data support the trend that species with seasonal-green phenology have wider distribution than evergreen species as suggested by Guo et al. actually consists of hybrid swarms including not only F1 but also F2 or later-generation hybrids. These species occur in the dry, rocky regions of the southwestern United States where they cling to the sides of slopes and along the edges of outcrops, such as the one shown below in Llano County, Texas, near Austin. J Jpn Bot 58:338344, Serizawa S (2015) Misecellaneous notes on Japanese pteridophytes (6). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10265-014-0652-0, Hori K, Ebihara A, Nakato N, Murakami N (2015) Dryopteris protobissetiana (Dryopteridaceae), a new diploid sexual species of the Dryopteris varia complex (subg. 2017a). https://doi.org/10.1600/036364413X661980, Kao TT, Pryer KM, Freund FD, Windham MD, Rothfels CJ (2019) Low-copy nuclear sequence data confirm complex patterns of farina evolution in notholaenid ferns (Pteridaceae). Furthermore, some of the independent gametophytes may completely lack sporophytes in Japan, including Haplopteris sp. Science Press, Beijing, Xiang JY, Wen J, Peng H (2015) Evolution of the eastern Asian-North American biogeographic disjunctions in ferns and lycophytes. It should be noted that only a few combinations of hybridity in Japan have been verified by artificial crossing, enzyme patterns, or nuclear DNA markers; the others are putative hybrids based on morphology. An approximate number of species described within that Division. species. J Sci Hiroshima Univ B2(22):353430, Takamiya M (1996) Index to chromosomes of Japanese pteridophyta (1910-1996). 3), thereafter applied to various fern groups including Ceratopteris (Adjie et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2009.02.011, Takhtajan A (1986) Floristic regions of the world. For example, the 30-genus system of Thelypteridaceae adopted by PPGI seems hardly applicable to the species in Japan as it would result in recognition of the nothogenusChrinephrium (C. insulare (K. More than 150 papers on chromosome numbers of Japanese ferns and lycophytes have been published, and all the counts on Japanese material before 1996 were indexed by Takamiya (1996). Variae) from Yakushima, Kagoshima, Japan. Lycophyte - Wikipedia Science Press, Beijing, pp 267316, Lin SJ, Kato M, Iwatsuki K (1994) A taxonomic study of the fern genus Sphenomeris (Lindsaeaceae) in Japan. Bot Mag (Tokyo) 103:110. (Yatabe et al. 2002), and sequence polymorphisms were identified by cloning or the SSCP (Single Strand Conformation Polymorphism) method [initiated by Ebihara et al. https://doi.org/10.1007/s102650200010, IUCN (2019) The IUCN red list of threatened species. Thus, ferns and lycophytes are relatively information-rich organisms. Any of various seedless vascular plants belonging to the phylum Lycophyta and characterized by microphylls (primitive leaves found in ancient plants). Mol Phylogen Evol 104:123134. (2003) seems to be strongly affected by their species circumscription, and presumably some species with multiple reproductive modes in Guo et al. However, even using molecular markers, we often cannot find progenitors or sexual diploids in Japan. In particular, species growing on the forest floor (e.g., Athyrium, Terada and Takamiya 2006) undergo severe damage, and several narrowly distributed species in Kyushu and Yakushima Island have become almost extinct or are only found inside deer fences (A. Ebihara, personal observation). A New Species of Diploid Quillwort (Isoetes, Isoetaceae, Lycophyta The latest national red list of Japan (Ministry of the Environment, Japan 2019) included more than one-third of the native fern and lycophyte taxa (255 in total, 7 EX, 2 EW, 82 CR, 59 EN, 67 VU, 37 NT and 1 DD; see Fig. Selaginella uncinata (Desv. This list tries to give the following information on each Division: You can also see Introduction to Taxonomy for more on that topic. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12226, Suzuki T, Watanabe I, Shiraiwa T (2005) Allozyme types of water fern Azolla japonica and its relatives (Azollaceae) growing in Japan. https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444(2007)97%5b186:niareo%5d2.0.co;2, Nakai T, Momose S (1937) A morphological and taxonomical study on Japanese Microlepia. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12120, Sigel EM (2016) Genetic and genomic aspects of hybridization in ferns. 9.1). (2003). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02812705, Dauphin B, Grant JR, Farrar DR, Rothfels CJ (2018) Rapid allopolyploid radiation of moonwort ferns (Botrychium; Ophioglossaceae) revealed by PacBio sequencing of homologous and homeologous nuclear regions. 2018a; Kuo, personal communication). We analyzed PD on a dataset including all ferns and lycophyte taxa (Fig. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1100125, Makino T, Nemoto K (1925) Nippon-Shokubutsu-Soran (Flora of Japan) with descriptions of every plant phanerograms and higher cryptogams indigenous to, introduced into and cultivated in the Empire of Japan, Karafuto, Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kiushiu, Riukiu and Taiwan. Acta Phytotax Geobot 69:127133. Apomictic taxa were found to have smaller latitudinal ranges than sexual taxa or taxa with multiple reproductive modes. The grid-cell with maximum species richness (grid code 453034, in Yakushima)was ranked 10th in the PD analysis. =7.625.02 (n=413) and apo. (2010) by making several additions and corrections, which resulted in coverage of 97.9% of the native taxa (ESM 1; newly generated sequences deposited in GenBank). However, examples of analyses of fern diversity patterns at the regional scale are scarce (e.g., Bogonovich et al. lycophytes, such as Selaginella, have gametophytes which Ann Missouri Bot Gard 70:724733, Katoh K, Kuma K, Toh H, Miyata T (2005) MAFFT version 5: improvement in accuracy of multiple sequence alignment. Assessing the Chinese brackens using molecular evidence. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04406.x, Article Kurata (Izuno et al. 10km10km grid-cell distribution maps (hereafter, 10km grid-cell maps) based on vouchers of ca. Hepatophyta Bryophyta Anthocerophyta Lycophyta Pterophyta Ginkgophyta Cycadophyta However, our studies demonstrated a number of examples of sterile interspecific hybrids unaccompanied by their parental species. J Sci Engin 22:121144, Ueno K, Ueno Y, Ebihara A (2019) Dennstaedtia punctilobula (Dennstaedtiaceae), newly naturalized in Nagano Prefecture, Japan. (2014), who attributed this pattern to the poor cold-hardiness of gametophytes of apomictic species due to their larger cell sizes. Occurrences based on specimens are usually regarded as presence-only data, but the distribution maps of Ebihara (2016, 2017) can be virtually regarded as presence/absence data due to the extensive collection effort of NFC members. BMC Evol Biol 16:55. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-016-0626-z, Lehnert M, Krug M, Kessler M (2016) A review of symbiotic fungal endophytes in lycophytes and fernsa global phylogenetic and ecological perspective. Since botany does not stand still, this number can change. https://sites.google.com/site/fernsoftaiwan/ Accessed 21 July 2019, Kuo LY, Huang YM (2017) Determining genome size from spores of seedless vascular plants. Although there are only estimated to be 11,916 extant species of ferns and lycophytes (Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group 2016 )much less than the number of seed plant species (approximately one twelfth)the number of studies on ferns and lycophytes, especially in the field of systematics and evolution, is relatively large. The species of Cyrtomium (Dryopteridaceae) in Japan serve as an example: 12 native species and subspecies are all triploid apomicts, except for two subspecies of C. falcatum (subsp. Taxon 62:441457. a Richness of native fern and lycophyte taxa. Apart from relict distribution, there is also strong evidence for the contribution of independent gametophytes to formation of hybrid sporophytes in Vandenboschia in Japan (Ebihara et al. 2018d). 2002). Kuo et al. 2018), and Leptochilus (Zhang et al. University of Tokyo Press, Tokyo (in Japanese), Mountier CF, Case BS, Perrie L, Brownsey P, Paterson AM, Curran TJ, Buckley HL (2018) Patterns of range size in New Zealand ferns and lycophytes. Japan Pteridological Society, Tokyo, Takamiya M, Ohta N (2001) Cytological and reproductive studies of Japanese Diplazium (Woodsiaceae; Pteridophyta). https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/sys029, Rothfels CJ, Pryer KM, Li FW (2017) Next-generation polyploid phylogenetics: rapid resolution of hybrid polyploid complexes using PacBio single-molecule sequencing. PubMed The natural habitat of Cyrtomium falcatum (L. f.) C. Presl subsp. We are often faced with a problem about taxonomic treatment for apomictic races. By manipulating levels of bitterness in a number of species, cooks were . =314.6474.7 (n=79), analysis of variance, P=0.73; Fig. There are approximately 1,300 species of lycophytes worldwide (Christenhusz and Byng, 2016) and they can be found in arctic, temperate and tropical regions. Spicantopsis, the most recently resurrected genus in Blechnaceae, is subendemic to Japan (2 endemic species and 1 species in Japan and Taiwan), and its ancestor is estimated to have migrated from North America to East Asia ca. https://doi.org/10.1071/SB15035, Pressel S, Bidartondo MI, Field KJ, Rimington WR, Duckett JG (2016) Pteridophyte fungal associations: current knowledge and future perspectives. Symbiosis 71:7789. Phyla) is the largest formal major grouping within plant taxonomy below Kingdom. In practice, every allopolyploid with a different combination of diploid progenitor species requires a name. J Plant Res 126:4150. Although M.arakii is a somewhat special case with strong vegetative reproduction abilityit can asexually reproduce from both rhizomes and frond-borne bulbilsmaking its relict distribution possible, we should keep in mind that current species distributions may not restrict the possible combinations of putative parents when constructing hypotheses of hybrid origins. Genome Biol Evol 8:24522458. 1a. 2019) were probably introduced with sprayed seeds on banks, and only collected in one or a few localities each. Classification In the broadest circumscription of the lycophytes, the group includes the extinct zosterophylls as well as the extant (living) lycophytes and their closest extinct relatives. The shapes of symbols for genomic constitution indicate ploidy levels (circle: diploid, triangle: triploid, square: tertaploid), and the background colors indicate fertility (black: fertile, white: sterile). Bull Natl Mus Nat Sci B 41:1524, Ebihara A, Nakato N, Amoroso VB, Hidayat A, Kuo LY (2016) Monachosorum arakii Tagawa (Dennstaedtiaceae) is a relict international hybrid: a reassessment of the Monachosorum species. (2013, 2016, 2019) discussed apossible correlation between gametophyte cushion structure and arbuscular mycorrhizal association, much wider taxonomic and geographical samplings are necessary for understanding such evolutionary trends as well as for comparison with symbiotic fungi in sporophytes (reviewed by Lehnert et al. https://doi.org/10.1640/0002-8444-103.4.193, Chen CW, Ngan LT, Hidayat A, Evangelista L, Nooteboom HP, Chiou WL (2014) First insights into the evolutionary history of the Davallia repens complex. The latest checklist of native taxa of Japan, which we use in this study, is the FernGreenList ver. It is highly likely that most of the interspecific hybrid individuals in a large part of the world are yet unrecognized, including cases of misidentification as non-hybrid taxa. Further cytotaxonomic study is sorely needed for ascertaining some early records that lack voucher specimens, and for detecting infraspecific polyploidy and/or multiple reproductive modes overlooked by previous superficial sampling, as well as unsampled taxa. : Systematics. https://doi.org/10.1600/036364416X692307, Ebihara A, Matsumoto S, Mazumdar J, Yamamoto K (2017a) Updates of taxonomic treatments for ferns of Japan 2. It should be noted that we treated some individuals originating from hybridization between an apomictic race and sexual species which have low spore germination rates and/or do not grow vigorously in the wild as nothotaxa in FernGreenList (Ebihara et al. J Plant Res 125:613618. https://doi.org/10.18942/bunruichiri.kj00001078592(in Japanese with English summary), Mitsuta S (1988) Distribution and reproductive types of genus Cyrtomium (Dryopteridaceae) in China. Google Scholar, Murakami K, Matsui R, Morimoto Y (2007) Northward invasion and range expansion of the invasive fern Thelypteris dentata (Forssk.) https://doi.org/10.18942/apg.KJ00009281704, Matsumoto S (2003) Species ecological study on reproductive systems and speciation of Cyrtomium falcatum complex (Dryopteridaceae) in Japanese Archipelago.

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