Geology. The Overburden Strata Caving Characteristics and Height Determination of Water Conducting Fracture Zone in Fully Mechanized Caving Mining of Extra Thick Coal Seam. The finally adopted arrangement is described in Volume 11, Plant Design - UPH. Manag. Some of the material given in this volume has been modified in the course of the preliminary plant design. The water flow velocity v is determined by. The PHS existing and planned plants both are located mainly in eastern China with a purpose of adjusting the power supply from western China. Xie, H., and Liu, J. Underground pumped hydro storage: an overview - OSTI.GOV During off-peak periods, low-cost power would be used to pump water stored in the underground reservoir to a surface reservoir, providing a head of 1000 to 2000 m. During the subsequent daytime peak-load periods the surface water would supply hydroelectric power over an 8- to 10-hour period, refilling the lower reservoir after passing through the turbines. Energ. where tmis the comprehensive efficiency of the electricity transmission. The water saturation lines within the goafs were marked when the water flow in penstocks was constant at 6.25m3/s. (2019). The local market in Granbury, Texas has many influences, including several nearby power plants, a Luminant-owned nuclear plant (Comanche Peak), and substantial wind energy, which causes both negative pricing at night and high market volatility. Under the condition of 10% carbonate such as calcite and 1% pyrite in the initial goaf environment, the research shows calcite would mitigate and precipitate around the surface reservoir (Pujades et al., 2016). DJ: methodology, investigation, data curation, writing-original draft, and software resources, supervision, and funding acquisition. Storage 18, 5061. Total Environ. The DeCordova plant in Granbury, Texas, a simple cycle natural gas peaker power plant, was used as the fossil-fired asset in this project. Gu et al. An Exploratory Economic Analysis of Underground Pumped-Storage Hydro Power Plants in Abandoned Deep Coal Mines Article Full-text available Oct 2020 Reinhard Madlener Jan Martin Specht View. Pumped-hydro energy storage needs a specific geological structure to realize . However, Houston-based Quidnet Energy is taking an alternative approach to conventional PSH development. WL: conceptualization, methodology, investigation, writing-review, and editing. . System level representation of a pumped hydro storage (PHS)-based wind power generation system that includes components of the PHS, wind turbine, water and electricity flow, transformers, and load ( Dursun & Bora, 2010 ). How to convert coal mine goaves into pumped hydro storage facilities Pressure loses of air during water-air exchange. Fatigue 94, 140144. Sust. The regulated energy per volume . Considering the goafs considerable space capable for LSES and simultaneously reduce water evaporation, a concept of PHS system using underground coal mine goafs (goaf-PHS) was put forward (Fan et al., 2020). As part of these awards, Quidnet will further design and model its bi-directional Injector-Generator (INGEN) system, which could reduce capital expenditures and achieve a mechanical efficiency of 95% over conventional PSH designs. 50, 615. J. The two reservoirs are the energy storage facility, reserving the surplus energy in the form of water potential energy. The penstocks, surge tank, and a variety of connecting tunnels/rooms provide ancillary services for the systems smooth operation. doi:10.1016/j.energy.2017.08.117, Kim, H.-M., Rutqvist, J., Ryu, D.-W., Choi, B.-H., Sunwoo, C., and Song, W.-K. (2012). When the wind contribution increases (w changing from 0 to 1), the REPV for the daily regulation case increases monotonically. A machine's high charge/discharge ratio also lowers construction cost. UPHS is an economically viable scheme for energy storage and peaking applications, where considerable savings in premium fuels are achievable by the replacement of combusion gas turbines. Received: 18 August 2021; Accepted: 28 September 2021;Published: 12 November 2021. Res. Exploring the Use of Deep Level Gold Mines in South Africa for Underground Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage Schemes. Before using the electricity with hydraulic pumps, electricity transmission is necessary to obtain an appropriate voltage, which may cause some electricity losses (Han et al., 2017). Meng, Z., Shi, X., and Liu, S. (2016). Underground pumped hydro storage: an overview Full Record Related Research Abstract The status of Underground Pumped Hydro Storage (UPHS) for electric utility peaking and energy storage applications is reviewed. An Exploratory Economic Analysis of Underground Pumped-Storage Hydro 0m Large Mining Height Working Face. A UPHS plant offers substantial savings in investment cost over coal-fired cycling plants and savings in system production costs over gas turbines. Underground pumped hydroelectric schemes: the Madeira Island case A Generic GIS-Based Method for Small Pumped Hydro Energy Storage (PHES) Potential Evaluation at Large Scale. The calculated REPV is 2.82kWh/m3. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity ( PSH ), or pumped hydroelectric energy storage ( PHES ), is a type of hydroelectric energy storage used by electric power systems for load balancing. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2011.07.013, Konicek, P., Soucek, K., Stas, L., and Singh, R. (2013). (2018). Int. (2016). Pressure loss of air passing through the vertical ventilation shaft with a diameter of 1 m is negligible. CK181901004), which are all greatly appreciated. The effect of head, capacity, turbomachinery unit size and type, and other performance variables on the cost of a UPHS plant are presented. With a low pH value, acid goaf water can corrode equipment, release metal ions, even some heavy metals, damage the underground structures (like waterproof wall), and pollute the surrounding water bodies (Gonzlez et al., 2018). After a review on how this could be realized technically, an economic feasibility analysis is presented, with a particular focus on the costs for the underground storage reservoir. Primary considerations including the number and size of pump-turbine and motor-generator units, starting methods, transformers, high-voltage connections, geotechnical and construction aspects and safety were studied within, The economics of underground pumped hydroelectric storage (UPHS) were analyzed in two ways. Simulating Mining-Induced Strata Permeability Changes. Edtion) 44, 674679. Market potential, siting criteria, lower reservoir construction, and geological related issues are addressed. The location of the shaft is selected at the center of the goaf and its bottom is 2m above the maximum water level in the reservoir. In January, the pump units work full time, while the turbine units stay inoperative. A new principle for underground pumped hydroelectric storage (2018). Dendritic horizontal ventilation tubes (Figure 2) are, therefore, advised for the safety and smoothness of water-air exchange. The lower reservoir is located at the underground coal mine goafs with a greater depth to ensure a suitable water head (Figure 2). Energ. Final report. Wang et al. 47, 3041. Mine Water Environ. At times of low electricity demand, like at night or on weekends, excess . (2018). No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. *Correspondence: Wenhao Liu, 1483948388@qq.com, New Development of Underground Energy Storage Using Mine Space, View all Potential location near load centers lowers transmission costs and line losses. 127, 802810. An Analysis of Different Pumped Storage Schemes from a Technological and Economic Perspective. Appl. Convers. Clean. FIGURE 14. inner mongolia electric power 32, 510. A review of pumped hydro energy storage - IOPscience Abstract. 86, 255260. Natural Resources Research 29, 17551772. Environmental impact is less than that for a coal-fired cycling plant. Preliminary design study of underground pumped hydro and compressed-air Commun. Schematic diagram of the underground pumped storage hydropower system. The study led to the selection of suitable equipment and layouts for the powerhouses, transformer galleries and associated facilities. A Stress Model Reflecting the Effect of the Friction Angle on Rockbursts in Coal Mines. Js is the solar radiation intensity in W/m2. Wind turbines and photovoltaic generators are the energy receiving-conversing end of the system converting clean power into electricity. Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, China, China University of Mining and Technology, China. Specific requirements are given for the upper reservoir, intake/outlet structure, penstock and draft tubes, powerhouses, transformer galleries, intermediate reservoir, lower, Underground pumped hydro storage: an overview, 250300* - Energy Storage- Pumped Hydro- (-1989), 130300 - Hydro Energy- Plant Design & Operation. Mining Sci. This is considerably cheaper than the cost of Coal-Fired Cycling plants (1004 $/kW), Underground Pumped Hydro plants (UPH, 850 $/kW), and Compressed Air Energy Storage plants (CAES, 709 $/kW). In 2016, China produced 10.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide emission by fossil fuel burning, severely affecting the global climate change. Detailed data can be seen in Refs. To improve the accuracy of the conceptual estimate, the design of a recently constructed coal-fired plant will be modified to incorporate the peaking features of the b/p plant concept. The environmental impact of a UPHS plant is reduced from comparable facilities, and these issues and other safety concerns are presented. Boumaaraf, B., Touafek, K., Ait-cheikh, M. S., and Slimani, M. E. A. Characteristics of Spatial and Temporal Changes of Wind Speed during 1981-2013 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Earth Sci. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2009.07.004, Andrs, C., Ordez, A., and lvarez, R. (2017). Energy 141, 368379. Key factors were the selection of the high head pump-turbine equipment and the geotechnical considerations relevant to the underground cavern designs. Convers. Turbomachinery options and advances in high-head pump/turbines are discussed. Simon, J., Ferriz, A. M., and Correas, L. C. (2015). Box-method, biochemical model, hydro-dynamical model: Partial transformation of the injected H 2 into CH 4 and H 2 O increases . Underground pumped hydroelectric energy storage was conceived as a modification of surface pumped storage to eliminate dependence upon fortuitous topography, provide higher hydraulic heads, and reduce environmental concerns. Canyon Creek Pumped Hydro Energy Storage Project. 28 Articles, Material Science and Environmental Engineering, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.760464. A. The expansion coefficient K of rock mass is defined as the ratio of the expanded rock volume to the original volume, to characterize the volumetric expansion behavior of the surrounding rock after fracturing. Energ. In the further rock, small displacement just induces deformation without fractures forming. Copyright 2021 Jiang, Chen, Liu, Ren, Guo and Li. "A pumped storage hydro facility could provide a viable, clean energy option for . (2017). Goaf Water Storage and Utilization in Arid Regions of Northwest China: A Case Study of Shennan Coal Mine District. In arid regions of northwest China, water-preserved mining is the only option for coal mining. It will demonstrate the generation economics of the b/p plant by simulating its operation in a typical or actual utility system. Energy 258:114007. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114007. (2014). Long-hole Destress Blasting for Rockburst Control during Deep Underground Coal Mining. Thermodynamic and Applicability Analysis of a Hybrid CAES System Using Abandoned Coal Mine in China. Developing a legal framework for energy storage - ScienceDirect Energy 166, 277286. Rock Mech. 2023 ATB data for pumped storage hydropower (PSH) are shown above. Inner Mongolia climate 3 (2), 3233. Complementary Analysis on Wind and Solar Energy Resources of Inner Mongolia. , , and h0 are respectively the coefficient of stress concentration, unit weight of overlying rock, and depth of the mined coal seam. The system efficiency is mainly decided by the performance of receiving-conversing-transferring devices. Among the existing energy storage technologies, only compressed air energy storage (CAES) and pumped hydroelectric storage (PHS) are cost-effective at large temporal scales, from several hours to many days (Zhao et al., 2015; Rogeau et al., 2017; Collado et al., 2018; Pali and Vadhera, 2018; Tung et al., 2018). 154, 102117. This storage level is compatible with the load-leveling requirements of a greater metropolitan area with population of 1 million or more. To ensure sufficient outputs of turbine and pumps, the maximum water flow should be guaranteed. 171, 156169. Final report, Study of certain economic aspects of turbomachinery for underground pumped hydroelectric storage plants, Preliminary design study of underground pumped hydro and compressed-air energy storage in hard rock. J. Cruachan 2 - Drax Global J. The storage coefficient therefore can be calculated using K, The expansion coefficient K of the rock mass at different positions can be evaluated by (Meng et al., 2016a), Mining activities also influence its underlying rocks, which will move toward the remained space after the coal is excavated, leading to new fractures. Bendigo underground pumped hydro - Arup Transmission over long distances results in loss of hydraulic energy, due to the friction between the fluid and pipe wall. Electrical design criteria are given to meet the requirements of two power-houses located underground at different depths, but these criteria may not necessarily reflect PEPCO's current engineering practice. FIGURE 5. Pumped Storage - National Hydropower Association Underground hydrogen storage: A comprehensive review What is renewable energy storage? - National Grid Group Pang, Y. L., and peng, Zhou, B. F is a usability coefficient for the reservoir, while f represents the goaf storage coefficient, determined by the capacity of pores and fissures. Subtracting the corresponding saturation lines in Figures 5A, B, the usable coefficient relying on the permeability would be obtained for the goaf reservoirs, which are shown in Figure 6. pump-turbines would be about 4600 ft. The water flow pumped from lower reservoir to upper reservoir can be calculated by (Novara and McNabola, 2018). doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.123. (2016). Integrating long-duration storage, like MPHES, would expand this capability beyond one hour of storage and have the potential to greatly reduce the total number of gas turbine starts. As coal is mined, the remained space in goafs was filled with rubbles from proof and floor surrounding rocks (Figure 3). Dendritic tubes are suggested for horizontal ventilation. Sust. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.04.014, Alehossein, H., and Poulsen, B. Sci. (2017). It also plays an important role in bringing more renewable resources onto the grid. 208, 6980. Storage ratio R1, defined as the ratio of total capacity to the volume of excavated coal, shows a deceleration downtrend. Underground hydrogen storage technology is also being developed that can re-infuse the geology of the earth to . Pumped-storage hydroelectric plants with underground lower reservoirs A 2016 feasibility study indicated it would be possible to develop up to 600 megawatts (MW) of additional capacity at Cruachan Power Station, our pumped storage hydro plant in Scotland. Energ. The storage capacity is 1.97 106 m 3 for a typical mining area with an extent of 3 5 km 2 and a coal seam thickness of 6 m. A typical goaf-PHS system with the energy type w = 0.74 has a performance of 82.8% in the case of annual operation, able to regulate solar-wind energy with an average value of 275 kW. The technical feasibility of UPHS depends upon excavation of a subterranean powerhouse cavern and reservoir caverns within a competent, impervious rock formation, and upon selection of reliable and efficient turbomachinery - pump-turbines and motor-generators - all remotely operable. Modelling the Potential for Wind Energy Integration on China's Coal-Heavy Electricity Grid. Necessary purification treatments are very important to the water safety. Exploring the Concept of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) in Lined Rock Caverns at Shallow Depth: A Modeling Study of Air Tightness and Energy Balance. uw represents the water velocity inside the pipes. Preliminary Feasibility Analysis of a Hybrid Pumped-Hydro Energy Storage System Using Abandoned Coal Mine Goafs. Literatures (Konicek et al., 2013; Meng et al., 2016b) reported that the goaf permeability within the overburden rocks above 017.8 m ranges from 1010 to 106m2 which suggests that goafs are highly likely to be able to serve as PHS reservoirs and have a considerable usable capacity. A UPHS, This appendix documents studies undertaken to determine the power plant arrangements for a single-stage reversible pump-turbine two step (SSRPT-2) underground pumped hydro (UPH) installation and for a multi-stage reversible pump-turbine single step (MSRPT) UPH installation. doi:10.1142/9789813143401_0058, Fan, J., Chen, J., Jiang, D., Chemenda, A., Chen, J., and Ambre, J. Regarding the share of component supply and consumption of the goaf-PHS system over 8,760h in 1year, the goaf-PHS is charged every day throughout the 1year (Figure 9B), while the discharge stage is mainly from the middle of May to October (Figure 9A), indicating that the system stores the surplus energy every day, while releasing that from May to October, during the period of energy deficit. Int. As the permeability increases from 1010m2 to 107m2, the pressure loss (between P1 and P2) of air passing through the goaf diminishes, as shown in Figure 8. The average regulated load is 275kW as the altitude difference between the two reservoirs is 100m. The maximum output of the PHS system is delivered in August, when energy supplied by wind is the weakest (Figure 9A). The energy receiving-conversing devices are mainly composed of wind turbines, photovoltaic generators, and transformer station. Wildflower Pump Storage Tomlin Infrastructure Hydrochemical Changes Induced by Underground Pumped Storage Hydropower and Their Associated Impacts. Pumped storage hydropower (PSH) is a type of hydroelectric energy storage. However, the roadway space in a mine is limited and insufficient for LSES. Vsg,pk and Vsg,tr represent the peak and the trough value of water volume in the reservoir. SC: investigation, data curation, and software. Average component output and water volume variation over 12months when w=0.74. At last, the feasibility of goaf-PHS plants is discussed on the national strategic level. The method stores energy in the form of gravitational potential energy of water, pumped from a lower elevation reservoir to a higher elevation. In one word, the environmental influence of goaf reservoirs should be a point of concern but also a solvable problem when developing the hybrid-PHS plants using abandoned coal mine goafs. Editors C. Wolkersdorfer, L. Sartz, M. Sillanp, and A. Hkkinen (Lappeenranta, Finland), 613. As the coal seam thickness increases, the total volume V1 rises almost linearly. The IGCASH concept compared favorably with conventional pulverized coal fired steam (PCFS) power generation. where nm, Lg, and Lt are the number, the length, and the width of the goaf. After repeated pumping and injection, mine water is exposed to oxidation conditions and acidizes following the chemical reaction R1R3: With a hypothesis of geological medium (residual coal and gangue) containing 1% pyrite, Pujades et al. 9, 4193. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-05752-x, Wang, Q., Li, W., Li, T., Li, X., and Liu, S. (2018). Renew. It is therefore the water variation in the reservoirs that changes slowly in April and October, rapidly in January, and especially in August (Figure 11). (2018). J. After mining, the rubbles and fracture rocks will be re-compacted under the gravity of overlying strata. The design of a UPHS plant, The status of Underground Pumped Hydro Storage (UPHS) for electric utility peaking and energy storage applications is reviewed. The study was published two years after the Scottish Government's third . 78, 668682. The efficiency of a hydro-pump/turbine normally varies from 0.86 to 0.95, with water flow, head, etc. Volume 8. An Exploratory Economic Analysis of Underground Pumped-Storage Hydro Reversible hydraulic pumps/turbines are the energy conversing-transferring devices. Hydropower and pumped storage are key components to strengthening the American economy and energy security. Volume 8. The inherent benefits include those of all pumped storage (i.e., rapid load response, emergency capacity, improvement in efficiency as pumps improve, and capacity for voltage regulation). The efficiency decreases from 77.3% to 73.8% when the pressure reaches . Mining Sci. Based on the wind and solar electric capacity generated in 2017 (wind, 2.70 1010kWh, and solar, 9.67 109kWh, respectively), we could see that the type of energy emplaced in the goaf-PHS consists of 74% of wind generated electricity and 26% of solar electricity. Science press. 202, 3344. Energ. A Dilatancy-Damage Model Considering Temperature Effect for Rock Salt from Unloading Path. This paper employs a life cycle cost analysis to calculate and compare the levelized costs of hydrogen production and energy storage in China. After a review on how this could be realized technically, an. Underground Pumped-Storage Hydroelectricity using existing Coal Mining Infrastructure Authors: Rodolfo Alvarado Montero Andre Niemann University of Duisburg-Essen Timo Wortberg Request. The effect of head, capacity, turbomachinery unit size and type, and other performance variables on the cost of a UPHS plant are presented. doi:10.1016/j.scs.2018.10.017, Collado, L., Reynal, A., Fresno, F., Barawi, M., Escudero, C., Perez-Dieste, V., et al. Pumped-storage hydroelectricity - Wikipedia E generated image of a person grasping at straws, digital art. Convers. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.103. Int. When demand is low, surplus electricity from the grid is used to pump water up into an elevated reservoir. Output of goaf-PHS system components and water volume variation for the daily regulation case. 200 Massachusetts Ave NW Suite 320 Washington, DC 20001; Phone: 202.805.5057; info@hydro.org . Underground Water Battery To Bust Open Energy Storage Dam - CleanTechnica The water volume in the upper reservoir increases from October to May, reaching a peak of 1.22 106m3 and then decreases, down to a trough value of 3.6 105m3 (Figure 12). The first documented CAES test using an abandoned mine was conducted in Japan. The salient features of major recent studies are reviewed. (A) Average component output and water volume variation of the system using the data of the 15th of January (w=0.8); (B) average component output and volume water variation of the system using the data of 15th July (w=0.5). Aforementioned researches demonstrate the enormous potential capacity of underground coal mine goafs served as water reservoirs for PHS plants. The MPHES charging requirement could help offset the overnight operating costs of Comanche Peak, which cannot load follow, and the nearby Luminant-owned Wise County combined cycle plant that cycles too often. Prize Winners Continue Advancing Innovative Pumped Storage Hydropower Their power Pw and Ps can be expressed by (Boumaaraf et al., 2018; Pali and Vadhera, 2018; Yesilbudak, 2018). Across the world there are large numbers of existing hydroelectric assets, but as reported in the IHA's 2022 Hydropower Status Report, only 12% of that capacity currently offers pumped storage. FIGURE 8. Based on the above analysis, the pressure loss during water-air exchange in the goaf is negligible and the storage capacity of one goaf reservoir is temporarily set at 1.97 106m3 and the usable coefficient is 0.8. During charging and discharging, water and air would exchange, and the permeability within the goaf determines whether the water or air can flow in and out smoothly or not. Energ. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Considering the fuel conservation potential of UPHS, the following five efforts are recommended to accelerate UPHS implementation: acquisition of applicable construction and operating experience from surface pumped storage; subsurface stability and design evaluation, especially with respect to penstock and powerhouse; equipment design, development and testing; in-depth economic analysis, and study of influences upon the environment. Pumped Storage Hydropower | Electricity | 2023 | ATB | NREL Base Year capital costs and resource characterizations are taken from a national closed-loop PSH resource assessment completed under the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) HydroWIRES Project . A simulation conducted with this model showed a pumped-hydro facility built in a depleted coal mine may ensure an average system efficiency of 82.8% during a year. 25, 623628. Energ. doi:10.1016/j.ijrmms.2013.02.001, Li, N., and Chen, W. (2019). 190, 135146. The energy transferring devices include hydro-pump/turbine and penstock. Quident is also the recipient of funding from the Bill Gates-backed Breakthrough Energy Ventures, a clean energy venture fund that has identified energy storage as a main priority for investment. When the electricity generated by wind and solar power cannot satisfy the demand, the stored water will be released to produce electricity and fill the demand gap. L is the heat loss rate of photovoltaic generator. Hydrogen production from offshore wind power (HPFW), hydrogen production from onshore wind power (HPNW), and underground pumped hydro energy storage from wind power (UPHESW) are considered in this paper. Figures 5A,B show the highest saturation line during water injection and the lowest saturation line during water releasing. Based on the production history of the shutdown coal mines issued by the State Administration of Coal Mine Safety and China Coal Industry Association, the storage space of the abandoned coal mine goafs could be calculated. But there is no way to completely restore the volume. It reaches a considerable value of 4.70 108m3. The model of the goaf-PHS system is detailed. Comparison between Seasonal Pumped-Storage and Conventional Reservoir Dams from the Water, Energy and Land Nexus Perspective. The pressure loss P of water flow in the penstocks can be evaluated by (Fan et al., 2018b; Fan et al., 2019a). T is a calculation period. Introduction Fossil fuels provide around 80% of the world's total energy demand; however, their reserves are running out.

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