Negative vs. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder with a high-output negative ionizer. CI: Confidence Interval; SIGH-SAD: Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Seasonal Affective Disorders. Terman M, Terman JS. [32] conducted a single-blind experiment among 30 healthy subjects (age range: 1828) randomized to receive either high-density negative air ions or a control condition and found no effect of exposure on anxiety. [37] study found no significant relationship between exposure to high concentrations of negative and positive air ions and feelings of self-exertion, stuffiness, or the unpleasantness of cognitive tasks among 25 healthy subjects or 6 arthritic patients. While positive ions have rightfully earned a sinister reputationwhich you'll soon learn more aboutnegative ions have been referred to as "vitamins of the air." To really simplify things, you can view positive ions as free radicals which lead to oxidative stress and negative ions as antioxidants. Utilizing the later post-baseline mean score where applicable, the weighted differences in group means for the Atypical symptom subscale, Hamilton subscale, and composite SIGH-SAD scale were 5.64 (95% CI: 4.44-6.85), 9.23 (95% CI: 8.52-9.94), and 14.28 (95% CI: 12.93-15.62), respectively (p for heterogeneity (SIGH-SAD) = 0.94); thus, the results were indicative of a beneficial effect of high-density negative air ion treatment on SAD and treatment effects were comparable between studies (Figure1). Finally, some depression studies [5,24,29,31] included in our narrative review were unable to be meta-analyzed because of the heterogeneous reporting of available data and the use of different metrics for assessing depression (e.g., BDI and subjective assessments on the amelioration of depressive reactions). At the beginning of the 21 st Century the ratio of positive ions to negative ions was 2:1 (2 negative ions to every 1 positive ion) however in more recent studies due to environmental hazards (such as pollution) the ratio is more like 1:2 (1 negative ion to very 2 . Negative and positive air ions: 60,000-110,000 ions/cm, Sharav Questionnaires 1 and 2 Mood Adjective Check List. These dangerous little ions are small enough to be absorbed through your skin and lungs and arent visible to the naked eye. During the time of exposure, serum serotonin levels also increased significantly. Forest plots from random effects modeling [23] were generated to estimate weighted group mean differences in depression scores, 95% confidence intervals (CIs), and corresponding p-values for heterogeneity. In a single-blind experiment of 30 healthy subjects (age range: 1828) randomized either to receive high-density negative air ionization or to a control condition, Malcolm et al. A significant decline in computer-oriented stress and psychological stress was noticed post-computer operations in presence of negative ions. Emergence or exacerbation of depression, sleep, appetite/weight, headache. Subjects reported being more energetic and finding it easier to concentrate under the experimental condition than the control condition. [13] observed that following exposure to enhanced negative air ions, subjects feelings of drowsiness were significantly reduced within both rooms. VP drafted the manuscript. The Harmful Effects of Positive Ions on Your Health, Electronic devices like televisions, phones, and computers, Air pollution, especially in crowded cities and industrial zones, 10% Coupon Code in your inbox to use TODAY, Discount promotions every month that will SAVE you $$ ALL YEAR, New product announcements before the general web-world. The findings showed that exposure to negative air ions significantly reduced anxiety compared to the positive control while performing a computer-oriented task, but negative air ionization in the post-task period was associated with a non-significant reduction. This study summarizes a qualitative literature review and quantitative meta-analysis, where applicable, that examines the potential effects of exposure to negative and positive air ions on psychological measures of mood and emotional state. Past speculation has suggested that exposure to positive air ions may be harmful to one's health, while exposure to negative air ions may be associated with beneficial health effects. Apart from the studies that evaluated ion effects on patients with some form of depression, six studies [11,14,19,25-27] also evaluated the influence of ions on mood states of persons with varying health conditions. [41]. Positive Ions | Zen Wellness Subjectively, positive air ions seemed to increase the incidence of upper respiratory irritation in the winter, while negative air ions had little or no effect on the quality of air. In addition, since ozone is generated along with ions, these may contribute to the bacterial killing. Specifically, positively-charged ions in the air, which are often created in artificial environments and environments that house electronic devices (like our homes and offices) can increase stress and trigger allergies and other ailments, while negative ions, which are naturally high at places like a beach or a park, have an antidepressant and h. [26] exposed 24 manic men (age range: 2329; mean age: 26.7) to high levels of ambient negative air ions and found a statistically significant reduction in subjects manic states. Negative ion treatment increases positive emotional processing in seasonal affective disorder. When ions build up on bacteria or pollen, they neutralize the pollutants. Four studies examined the effects of negative and positive air ions on activation, anxiety, and mood [15,16,25,27]. An air ionizer is a device that releases negative ions into the air. Assael M, Pfeifer Y, Sulman FG. Harmer CJ, Charles M, McTavish S, Favaron E, Cowen PJ. In contrast, negative air ionization significantly lowered subjects extent of suspicion and excitement to those levels attained prior to positive air ion exposure. Misiaszek et al. [4], who defined high-density as 2.0 106 ions/cm3). (1970). The data from Terman and Terman [6] were extracted from their Figure one; exact values have been requested from the authors. For raw scale scores, neither main effects of treatment nor interactions between treatment and time were significant. heat is transferred between the air and the ceiling). official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Thirty-three studies (19572012) evaluating the effects of air ionization on depression, anxiety, mood states, and subjective feelings of mental well-being in humans were included. Afifi M. Gender differences in mental health. Subjects were randomized to low-density (n=13) or high-density (n=12) treatment. The authors found that treated patients tension reduced significantly and quicker. Charry and Hawkinshire [15] examined the effect of positive air ions on mood in 85 subjects (age range: 1860; mean age: 30) in contrast to ambient conditions in a single-blind experiment and found significantly greater tension and irritability in subjects mood states. Air ions and mood outcomes: a review and meta-analysis - PMC HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help The weighted differences in group means in the low-density negative air ion analysis for the Atypical symptom subscale, Hamilton subscale, and composite SIGH-SAD scale were 1.98 (95% CI: 0.57-3.40), 4.87 (95% CI: 0.96-8.77), and 7.23 (95% CI: 2.62-11.83), respectively (p for heterogeneity (SIGH-SAD) < 0.0001); thus the results were also statistically significant, but smaller in magnitude and were significantly different between studies (Figure2). Health impacts of air ionizers are largely unknown, although a small number of recent studies give cause for concern. Additional doseresponse relationships were evaluated by plotting exposure duration by depression score mean differences and their corresponding 95% CIs in Microsoft Excel (2010). Furthermore, no study reported responses to air ion therapy by gender. While their evidence is inconsistent, the findings have increased awareness of mood alterations possibly associated with such exposure. Are Ions Good for You? - In Compliance Magazine and transmitted securely. Similarly, Goel and Etwaroos [5] single-blind study of the immediate effects of bright light (n=29), auditory stimulus (n=30), high-density (n=29), and low-density negative air ionization (n=30) in mildly depressed and non-depressed adults indicated that exposure to high-density negative air ions decreased depressive symptoms within 15 to 30 minutes; however, low-density exposure did not produce any significant effects. Buckalew LW, Rizzuto A. Subjective response to negative air ion exposure. To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive review to summarize the literature on air ionization and psychological outcomes. The. Negative Ions as EMF Protection - Innovative Medicine What are Negative Ions and Positive Ions - EZEKIEL-ION Effects of atmospheric electricity on some substrates of disordered social behavior. Are Ionic Air Purifiers Safe or Bad for Your Health? - Home Air Guides Such studies should apply a double-blind design with rigorous control over air ionization and potential confounding, including placebo effects. [37] conducted two single-blind experiments to evaluate the influence of negative and positive air ionization on subjective feelings among two groups: 6 randomly-selected women (age range: 2030) and 12 adults (age range: 1945) who appeared to be most sensitive to ionization. Depression score data before and after exposure to low density ions were also requested from Dauphinais et al. Terman et al. Deleanu and Stamatiu [29] conducted an experiment of 112 patients with mental disorders (blinding not reported). How does an atom become positive? A meta-analysis was performed on five studies [4,6-8,22] of negative air ionization and depression symptom severity as measured using the 29-item Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Seasonal Affective Disorders (SIGH-SAD), which consists of the 21-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale and the 8-item Atypical Scale. On the other hand, Buckalew and Rizzuto [12] identified a significant increase in relaxation attributed to negative air ionization between experimental and control groups in their double-blind study. [35], no significant differences in the reported feelings of pleasantness between exposure settings were observed. Described as a "small effect" in period 1 and "large effect" in period 2. Globally, the burden of mood disorders such as depression is on the rise, with only 30% of cases worldwide receiving appropriate care for depression [61]. Future research is needed to evaluate the biological plausibility of this association. Ionized air has been demonstrated to be efficient at removing aerosol par-ticles from indoor environments. Three previously mentioned studies on air ions and mood associations also evaluated ion effects on relaxation or sleepiness, or both [12,29,34]. Based on our review, there is no scientific basis for concluding that air ions have a beneficial or adverse effect on measures of anxiety, mood, relaxation/sleep, and personal comfort in the range of exposures reviewed (200300 ions/cm3 (ambient levels) to 106 ions/cm3). The authors found that all patients reported an initial relaxation followed by alertness when exposed to negative air ions. Baron RA, Russell GW, Arms RL. Studies meeting inclusion criteria are summarized in Table1. How harmful are positive ions. If youve ever felt depressed, anxious, or stressed for no reason at all, you might be suffering from whats known as positive ion poisoning. Some experimental research indicates that exposure to negative air ions is linked to reduced depression severity [4-8], lower psychological stress [9], less anxiety [10], and enhanced well-being [11-14]. Other potential downsides of absorbing too many positive ions include higher inflammation levels, mood swings, chronic pain, worsened allergies, and more. Tom G, Poole MF, Galla J, Berrier J. Regarding positive ionization, subjects reported more unpleasant feelings. [11] conducted a double-blind crossover study to examine the effects of negative air ions on relaxation and alertness among 10 healthy participants (age range: 2065) and 10 subjects on tranquilizers. First, this body of work typically did not control for or failed to report on environmental factors affecting exposure including the electric field, air flow, humidity, and temperature. All life on this planet has a bioelectric field of energy surrounding it and thus can easily be influenced by things like electromagnetic pollution and more. Some places may have more concentration than others. Already on our list? No effect on anxiety, depression (BDI), alertness, and recall of emotional words. Three studies evaluated the impact of negative and positive air ionization on personal comfort [17,37,38]. Charry JM. . How are positively charged ions formed? - Studybuff Several more recent studies [13,35,40] examined the influence of exposure to negative air ions only on personal comfort among adults. Malcolm CP, Cowen PJ, Harmer CJ. What Are Negative Ions And Why Are There So Many Studies on Their Given that longer or repeated exposures to negative air ions were not observed to strengthen the response of subjects, additional investigation of the biological plausibility is warranted. Positive air ion effects were not explicitly discussed. The forest plots and overall weighted differences in group means (i.e. The concentrations of air ions expressed as parts per trillion are vanishingly small and well-controlled animal studies do not report changes in catecholamine neurotransmitter levels [50] or the levels and turnover of serotonin in the brain [49] even though opposing effects of longer-term exposure to negative and positive air ions on the responsiveness of hippocampal neurons to serotonin have been reported [51]. In the study of 112 psychiatric patients by Deleanu and Stamatiu [29], the findings showed that in over 50% of 45 treated patients diagnosed with depression, depressive reactions attenuated or completely disappeared with exposure to negative air ions (blinding not reported). Separate plots were done for SIGH-SAD composite scores and SIGH-SAD subscales combined since Terman and Terman [6] reported estimates by subscale only and Terman et al. Some might be filled with a pool of positive ions than negative and vice versa. Harmer CJ, O'Sullivan U, Favaron E, Massey-Chase R, Ayres R, Reinecke A, Goodwin GM, Cowen PJ. Negative ion (7.5 min/day or 15 min/day if tolerable for 8 weeks). Negative ions and behavior: impact on mood, memory, and aggression among type A and type B persons. Animal studies, letters to the editor and editorials, references not reporting original data, and studies with no relevant exposure or outcome were excluded. A subsequent double-blind RCT of SAD patients and controls reported no effect on patient alertness and found that negative air ion treatment increased vigilance to unmasked positive items in the visual dot-probe task regardless of patient group [31]. differential study settings/populations, follow-up periods, exposure/outcome measurement and assessment, and unmeasured confounders such as temperature). 5% of subjects reported feeling relaxed when exposed to positive air ions; 17% reported feeling relaxed when exposed to negative air ions; and 21% of subjects reported feeling relaxed under control conditions, Subjectively, negative air ions did not alleviate joint symptoms, while positive air ions seemed to make the symptoms worse; a higher frequency of patients reported feeling relaxed or sleepy, or both when exposed to negative versus positive air ions. Positive ions are naturally occur In a single-blind study conducted by Watanabe et al. Since all studies were experimental, most, but not all, observations were made within a controlled environment and prospectively. BDI beck depression inventory; CgA-like IR chromogranin A-like immunoreacitivity; HDNI high-density negative ions; SR self-rating; STAI-S state trait anxiety inventory scale; SIGH-SAD structured interview guide for the hamilton depression rating scale, seasonal affective disorder. Publication Bias in Meta-Analysis: Prevention, Assessments, and Adjustments. The findings were similar when utilizing the earlier post-baseline mean score reported by Terman and Terman [6,7] and Terman et al. Negative ions are created when a molecule gains a negatively charged electron. Subjects worked in either room one with windows (natural ventilation) or room two with no windows (mechanically ventilated). Received 2012 May 16; Accepted 2013 Jan 8. The positive ions are present in polluted environments, while negative ions tend to disappear, particularly in closed spaces where the air is conditioned (i.e. Positive Ions Negative Ions Ions Formation: As ions are natural phenomena, they occur at every place. In particular, ion-sensitive subjects showed that activation decreased and reaction times increased during exposure to positive air ions while non-sensitive subjects showed increased activation and no effects on reaction time. Positive ions are small molecules that have gained a positive charge. The Short Answer. Reilly T, Stevenson IC. Dantzler et al. Qualitative information (study population/design, ion polarity/concentration, exposure duration) and quantitative data (mood indicator effects) were extracted. Dauphinais et al. But are there any risks to taking in negative ions? Specifically, we observed a decrease in depression scores, thus corresponding to an improvement in subjects depressive state, in comparisons of low- to high-density negative air ion exposure (weighted mean score decrease of 7.23 and 14.28, respectively). Light therapy for seasonal affective disorder in primary care: randomised controlled trial. On the other hand, Buckalew and Rizzuto [12] conducted a double-blind randomized controlled trial (RCT) and identified a significant improvement in mood attributed to negative air ionization between experimental (n=12 men) and control (n=12 men) groups (age range: 2030; mean age: 22.8).

Goneril Regan And Cordelia, Spanish Beans Recipe Goya, Utility Companies By State, Madisonville Public Schools, Articles A