Climate-Glacier Dynamics and Topographic Forcing in the Karakoram Himalaya: Concepts, Issues and Research Directions. Baltoro Glacier Changes from 2001 to 2011 - ArcGIS StoryMaps Understanding Complex Debris-Covered Glaciers: Concepts, Issues, and Research Directions. doi:10.1029/2006GL026037, Breiman, L. (2001). Lett. Environ. Photographs of McCall Glacier, Alaska, 1958 and 2003 Sources: Post, 1958; 2 Nolan, 2003 3 Web update: August 2016 Figure 1. Trekkers follow a rocky trail that winds up the mighty Baltoro Glacier, passing through a colossal amphitheater of sky-scraping summits - including seven of the 19 highest mountains on the planet - en route to the base of the world's second highest peak. The local distribution of the lakes densified, especially in the glacier section between 3,710m and 3,880m a.s.l. doi:10.1016/b978-012206093-9/50006-x. Supraglacial lakes mainly form on debris-covered glaciers with a surface inclination of 2o (Reynolds, 2006) and surface velocities of 10m per year. The cumulative lake area denotes the maximum norm over all lakes during the summer period, whereas the maximum lake area includes all lake areas at a certain point in time. In the final classification, snow was classified as ice because of its spectral similarity, and shadow and cloud classes were both omitted since all of the PlanetScope imagery we selected was cloud-free. Environ. Baltoro Glacier is a river of ice in Pakistan | Earth | EarthSky ISPRS J. Photogram. We have known about this for over 50 years, but still have a very limited scientific understanding of what is going on there. J. Glaciol. Our multi-sensor approach combining optical and SAR data is a novelty in this application area and could bridge this gap. Due to the side-looking radar and the undulating glacier surface, the SAR signal could not map the lake area completely. The Karakoram climate is characterized by cold winters and mild summers and is dominated by three different systems: 1) the winter westerly disturbances with dominant snowfall in winter and spring, contributing up to two-thirds of the yearly snowfall at high altitudes (Dobreva et al., 2017), 2) the Indian summer monsoon incursion that can lead to higher precipitation, temperatures, and cloud coverage during summer, contributing to snow accumulation in the higher reaches of the glacier (Bookhagen and Burbank, 2006; Thayyen and Gergan, 2010), and 3) the predominantly stable Tibetan Anticyclone that, in the case of an irregular weakening, provokes an incursion of the Indian summer monsoon with large amounts of precipitation (Dobreva et al., 2017). A direct connection between supraglacial lake evolution and climate could not be identified, even though the climate data show a tendency to greater precipitation and higher temperatures in terms of amplitude and time. Maps and Books A consistent characteristic for all 5years is the rapid lake expansion at the beginning of the ablation season. This is supported by pronounced positive anomalies of the SPI and STI during the observation period. 20 Articles, Proceedings of the 8th Conference on Applied Climatology, Hochschule Mnchen-Kartographie, Geomedientechnik, This article is part of the Research Topic, https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2021.725394, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.725394/full#supplementary-material, https://spacedata.copernicus.eu/documents/20126/0/GEO1988-CopernicusDEM-SPE-002_ProductHandbook_I1.00.pdf/082dd479-f908-bf42-51bf-4c0053129f7c?t=1586526993604, https://tandemx-science.dlr.de/pdfs/TX-GS-DD-3302_Basic-Products-Specification-Document_V1.9.pdf, https://assets.planet.com/docs/Planet_Combined_Imagery_Product_Specs_letter_screen.pdf, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/march-3rd-warmest-record-many-contrasts. Each sector is specified by its altitude range (m a.s.l.) Santer, B. D., Wigley, T. M. L., Boyle, J. S., Gaffen, D. J., Hnilo, J. J., Nychka, D., et al. Training and validation datasets (80:20 ratio) were manually created. In 2020, most of the lake areas were concentrated around the median value. Frank Paul, a glaciologist at the University of Zurich in Switzerland, used images from 1990 to 2015 captured by three different Landsat satellites to create timelapse sequences of four regions in the central Karakoram: Baltoro, Panmah, SkamriSarpo Laggo and Shaksgam. Ice Loss Slows Down Asian Glaciers - NASA Earth Observatory doi:10.3189/2016AoG71A072, Liang, Y.-L., Colgan, W., Lv, Q., Steffen, K., Abdalati, W., Stroeve, J., et al. Q.J.R. Data availability for the summertime series from 2016 to 2020 with respect to Sentinel-2 (S2), PlanetScope (PS), Sentinel-1 (S1), and TerraSAR-X (TSX). Located in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, it runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range, which is home to second highest mountain on earth, K2 (8,611M) and three other 8000 meter peaks. The Baltoro Glacier, at 62 kilometers long, is one of the longest glaciers outside of the polar regions.It is in Baltistan, in the Northern Areas of Pakistan, and runs through part of the Karakoram mountain range. The use of a single (or combination) of kernel filter(s) in the other three directions (45, 90, 135) had no influence on the classification results. Previous studies have tended to use only optical data and hence have been unable to monitor lake dynamics during the cloudy and rainy seasons. Hence, the classification results on September 08, 2016, derived from Sentinel-1 are lower. Home > Journals > Annals of Glaciology > Volume 43 > Glaciological characteristics of the ablation zone. However, patterns across the glacier and through time were highly non-linear. The height of K2 Base Camp is just over 5000m but this won't be the highest point of the route. The Kennaugh Element Framework for Multi-Scale, Multi-Polarized, Multi-Temporal and Multi-Frequency SAR Image Preparation. Glob. Rising air temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns provoke an increase in the supraglacial lakes in number and total area. Sentinel-1 Product Specification. (Baltoro South region). The PlanetScope satellite constellation of about 130 small satellites called Doves gathers information every two to fivedays during cloud-free periods (Miles K. E. et al., 2017; PlanetScope, 2020). 5, 58. doi:10.3389/feart.2017.00058, Miles, E. S., Willis, I., Buri, P., Steiner, J. F., Arnold, N. S., and Pellicciotti, F. (2018). Remote Sensing Environ. (2017). FIGURE 4. We used a random forest approach in classification mode (Breiman, 2001) and applied it to Sentinel-2, PlanetScope, Sentinel-1, and TerraSAR-X images separately in order to detect the supraglacial lakes. shows the least variation with time, whereas the second sector (3,7103,880m a.s.l.) However, to better understand the seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes and the relationship between lake growth and climate, a continuous time series covering a period of several years is essential. Ice ablation and meteorological conditions on the debris-covered area The timelapse view makes it easier for the human eye to follow glacier flow and detect changes. 217, 414425. Seasonal variations in the lake area are linked with the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and Standardized Temperature Index (STI) based on air temperature and precipitation data derived from the climate reanalysis dataset ERA5-Land. Random forest is a common and robust machine learning classification algorithm. The largest aggregated lake area was found in 2018 with 5.783km2, followed by 2019 with 4.703km2, and 2020 with 4.606km2. The lowermost sector (3,4403,710m a.s.l.) Median, interquartile ranges, and probability density of the lake areas of the summertime series for the 5years presented in a violin plot. Therefore, the undulating patterns in Figure 7 can be explained by higher precipitation resulting in short-term lake fluctuations. Sakai, A. Our aim was to answer the following research questions: 1) What are the characteristic filling and the drainage periods? Copyright 2021 Wendleder, Schmitt, Erbertseder, DAngelo, Mayer and Braun. Roth, A. doi:10.1002/2017JD027414, Muoz-Sabater, J. Snow . In contrast, the disadvantages of the SAR data, i.e., lake area underestimates and missing data from side-looking radar geometry and undulating glacier surface topographies, can be compensated using optical data acquired on the same day. For a better distinction of shadows and clouds from lakes, we added the blue and shortwave infrared bands. It is notable that the reference datasets of July 7, August 6, and August 21 (all 2019) had a higher RSE. Supraglacial debris distribution is important when calculating glacier mass balance, as such debris layers . Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Frontiers | Understanding Complex Debris-Covered Glaciers: Concepts (1998). Since SAR sensors distinguish only between wet and dry and thus are not sensitive to seasonal turbidity variations, we selected one validation date for each SAR sensor and each pass direction. Res. Spatial Distribution of Debris Thickness and Melting from Remote-Sensing and Meteorological Data, at Debris-Covered Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram, pakistan. Due to the east-west orientation of the Baltoro Glacier and the broad glacier valley with a width of 3.5km, the main glacier was not influenced by layover or radar shadow effects in the SAR images. The Baltoro Glacier is the world's largest glacier, and one of the longest outside the polar regions. We calculated two simplified lines where the first line is defined by the two previous measurements and the second line by the two following measurements. Baltoro glacier. It is positively skewed, indicating a quick onset of lake formation in spring and slower drainage in the lake area towards autumn. The color represents the duration of water coverage in days. We apply it to the Baltoro Glacier, located in Karakoram, Pakistan, for the years 20162020. and the fast changes affecting the glacial surface. The results of this study differ by 0.28 km2, +0.16 km2, 0.52 km2, and 0.37 km2, respectively. (2019). On the other hand, the frequency and duration of heatwaves in Pakistan also increased, mostly affecting the central and southeast regions and less the Himalayan and the Karakoram (Khan et al., 2019). Baltoro Glacier | glacier, Asia | Britannica The classification error was referred to the total area and quantified with the absolute and relative Root Squared Error (RSE) (Liang et al., 2012): Based on the multi-temporal time series, we calculated the total number and the cumulative area of supraglacial lakes on the main trunk of Baltoro Glacier. Using seven images from Landsat, the animation compresses 25 years of change into just 0.7 seconds to reveal the flow of the Baltoro glacier tongue and its surrounding tributaries in the Karakoram mountain range in Asia. The lake area of 2016 was symmetrically distributed, meaning a relatively high variance. The lake area ranged between 500m2 to 440,000m2. Located in the central Karakoram Range of Baltistan area, Baltoro glacier is the second largest glacier in the Himalayan region that stretches to a length of 62 km. The lowest lake area was consistently detected above 4,280m a.s.l. Glaciol. It combines the results of many different random decision trees taking the majority votes for each decision tree. Here's everything you need to know about hiking to K2 base camp. Distribution and Interannual Variability of Supraglacial Lakes on Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Khan Tengri-Tumor Mountains, central Asia. Baltoro Glacier - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Therefore, it was not necessary to include the classes shadow and cloud. Additionally, the data have no shortwave infrared bands, which impedes cloud detection anyway. In 2018, 2019, and 2020, the lake onset had started in mid-April with a continuous increase until mid-June. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2015.09.004, Sakai, A., and Fujita, K. (2010). The threshold for the water detection was empirically determined to be 0.1. The threshold was defined as the point with the maximum distance between the histogram and line of maximum and minimum peak (Figure 3B). Remote Sensing 8, 119. Supraglacial Ice Cliffs Can Substantially Increase the Mass Loss of DebrisCovered Glaciers. The approach works semi-automatically without the need for manual cloud removal. The initiative has assembled comprehensive datasets going back decades for scientists to understand exactly how these sensitive components of our environment are changing. The Baltoro Muztagh is to the north and east of the glacier, while the Masherbrum Mountains lie to the south. Res., 2330. (A) Distribution of the number of lakes along the altitude divided into seven sectors. Stochastic Environ. The trekking expedition is a two-week route traveling to K2 Basecamp along the Baltoro Glacier en route to reaching the foot of K2, which is the world's second-highest mountain after Mount Everest. The dense time series is enabled by a multi-sensor and multi-temporal approach based on optical (Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope) and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR; Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X) remote sensing data. 'Bone breaker'; [1] Urdu: ), at 63 km (39 mi) in length, is one of the longest glaciers outside the polar regions. To examine the seasonal evolution, the time series of the lake area Yt was analyzed with the multicomponent model following Weatherhead et al. As the mean daytime temperature during summer is close to the freezing point at 5,400m a.s.l., most of the precipitation deposits as snow above this elevation (Mayer et al., 2006). In addition, the connection to climate parameters and oscillations demands further process-based analysis. Bachelorarbeit. Stagnation and Mass Loss on a Himalayan Debris-Covered Glacier: Processes, Patterns and Rates. The State and Fate of Himalayan Glaciers. The glacier response depends on debris thickness and its spatial distribution (Benn et al., 2012). Mihalcea, C., Mayer, C., Diolaiuti, G., DAgata, C., Smiraglia, C., Lambrecht, A., et al. River crossings along the trail, however, are easier before July when water levels rise dramatically. Early Recognition of Glacial lake Hazards in the Himalaya Using Remote Sensing Datasets. Earth Sci. (B) Distribution of the number of lakes according to their area in m2. The data are available on a 0.1 by 0.1 grid and were downloaded from the Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) Climate Data Store (CDS) (Muoz-Sabater, 2019). Glaciol. Ice Cliff Contribution to the Tongue-wide Ablation of Changri Nup Glacier, nepal, central Himalaya. Higher precipitation tends to intensify both lake filling and drainage. doi:10.1002/qj.3803, Hewitt, K. (2011). Since the lake dynamics are highly variable, the linear interpolation could produce differences. The advantage of the presented approach is the usage of a dense multi-temporal and multi-sensor summertime series. On the Influence of Debris Cover on Glacier Morphology: How High-Relief Structures Evolve from Smooth Surfaces. 114, 156174. The Baltoro Glacier is situated in the northern part of Pakistan near the border to India and China (Figure 1). The distribution of the lake area is shown in Figure 5B. Watson, C. S., Quincey, D. J., Carrivick, J. L., and Smith, M. W. (2016). Additionally, ice cliffs may contribute up to 25% to ice ablation despite their small area share of 78% (Brun et al., 2018; Buri et al., 2021) and supraglacial lakes can be heated by incoming solar radiation and thus can be responsible for considerable subaqueous melting. The years 2016 and 2017 showed the smallest areas with 3.606 and 3.653km2, respectively. T stands for threshold derived with the unimodal threshold determination (Rosin, 2001). (2020) was based on the ground sampling of 3m. According to SPI and STI, the years 20162017 were influenced by stronger precipitation and higher air temperatures in April and May compared to 2018, 2019, and 2020. Lett. 9, 123. Wendleder et al. doi:10.5194/tc-4-115-2010, Thompson, S., Benn, D. I., Mertes, J., and Luckman, A. As the access to PlanetScope data is restricted to a specific download quota per month, only cloud-free data were selected. Day 2. The rise of the median lake area from 1.2 in 2016 to 1.71.9 in 20182020 is clearly visible. The three-step approach is based on two normalized difference indices, one calculated with green and near-infrared and the other with near-infrared and red (Figure 3A). doi:10.3189/172756406781812087, McFeeters, S. K. (1996). Overview of the used classes, features, and training data for the random forest classifier. Classification and subsequent processing steps were implemented in the open-source software RStudio. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). (2018). The second, third, and fourth sectors had the greatest number of lakes, with a maximum number in the second sector (100120) and a decrease towards the fourth sector (6090). (2012). Detected outliers and data gaps were filled with interpolated values. The PlanetScope Analytic Ortho Scene Products (Level 3B) were already downloaded as orthorectified and atmospherically corrected Surface Reflectance (SR) data. As turbid water and ice had similar spectral reflectance, the Liligo Lake was consistently misclassified as ice. We present a summertime series of supraglacial lake evolution on Baltoro Glacier in the Karakoram from 2016 to 2020. Toward Monitoring Surface and Subsurface Lakes on the greenland Ice Sheet Using sentinel-1 Sar and Landsat-8 Oli Imagery. The side-by-side comparison is a very tedious thing as the brain cannot freeze-frame and virtually overlay the images, Dr Paul explains. Table 3 shows the percentage of ephemeral and permanent lakes at the end of the ablation season. Glacial Lakes Mapping Using Multi Satellite Planetscope Imagery and Deep Learning. Distribution of lakes and duration of water coverage for the complete glacier in 2018 (A), for the second sector (3,7103,880m a.s.l.) The SAR data of Sentinel-1 (Vincent et al., 2019) and TerraSAR-X (Eineder and Fritz, 2009) bridge the gaps of the optical data, which are brought about by cloud cover during the westerly disturbances in April and the monsoon season from the end of May until the end of July. Dr Paul said, The most interesting insight is to really see how the glaciers flow and how the individual parts of the glaciers such as the tributary streams interact.. For the semi-automated classification, the data needed to be atmospherically corrected, radiometrically calibrated, and orthorectified. 3.2.2 Baltoro Glacier. For the Sentinel-2 data, the MAJA atmospheric correction was used. Sci. 4, 156159. Baltoro Glacier of the Karakoram: 15 Must-Know Facts Stoch Environ. Baltoro Glacier - Noon Academy Dyn. Arrive in Islamabad and transfer to our group hotel. The original contributions presented in the study are included in the article/Supplementary Material; further inquiries can be directed to the corresponding author. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2009.05.018, Thayyen, R. J., and Gergan, J. T. (2010). (2019). AW, AS, CM, and MB designed the research. They detected a total lake area of 2.28km2 on June 04, 2016, 1.83km2 on June 20, 2016, 1.45km2 on September 08, 2016, and 2.09km2 on June 23, 2017. Karakoram Glaciers: Types and Terrain | SpringerLink doi:10.5194/tc-12-3719-2018, Ostrem, G. (1959). Front. Earth Planet. Clouds showed a high reflection compared to the surrounding area with highest rates in the blue band (Roth, 2019). A and D in parentheses denote the passing direction, i.e., ascending or descending. Response of Debris-Covered Glaciers in the Mount everest Region to Recent Warming, and Implications for Outburst Flood Hazards. The years 20182020 had between 70 and 90 lakes in this sector. Lett. 4 to 5 hour trek. Xie, F., Liu, S., Wu, K., Zhu, Y., Gao, Y., Qi, M., et al. Baltoro is one of the highest relief basins spanning 5,210 m from K2 (8,611 m) to the snout (Dyhrenfurth et al. doi:10.3390/ijgi9100560, Quincey, D. J., Richardson, S. D., Luckman, A., Lucas, R. M., Reynolds, J. M., Hambrey, M. J., et al. and mean slope (%). Animations that compress 25 years of satellite images into just one second reveal the complex behaviour and flow of glaciers in the Karakoram mountain range in Asia. Previous studies have indicated that lakes could be responsible for 1/8 of total ice loss in the Langtang Valley, Nepal (Miles et al., 2018; Miles et al., 2020). Read More The Use of the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) in the Delineation of Open Water Features. doi:10.1029/2018GL079678, Miles, K. E., Hubbard, B., Irvine-Fynn, T. D. L., Miles, E. S., Quincey, D. J., and Rowan, A. V. (2020). The training data were selected from the classification results of an index approach. Mountain Res. J. Glaciol. Res. MAJA is a processor for cloud detection and atmospheric correction and is specifically designed to process optical time series (Hagolle et al., 2017). Inform. 2) In what way does the lake area change over the years? Spatially Variable Response of Himalayan Glaciers to Climate Change Affected by Debris Cover. Lake areas were consistently lowest in 2016 and highest in 2018 and 2019. FIGURE 8. The Dynamics of Supraglacial Ponds in the everest Region, central Himalaya. The pass directions of the SAR sensors are abbreviated as A for ascending and D for descending. Res. doi:10.1002/2017JD027414, Mlg, N., Ferguson, J., Bolch, T., and Vieli, A. Drive via the Braldu Gorge to Askole. Pink color means that the pixel was covered with water for 120days, whereas blue means coverage of 4050days. Rev. It appears then that the stronger and earlier precipitation in 20182020 caused an increase in the lake area. Glaciological Characteristics of the Ablation Zone of Baltoro Glacier, Karakoram, pakistan. Frontiers | Seasonal Evolution of Supraglacial Lakes on Baltoro Glacier Water 9, 405429. At 63 kilometers (39 miles) in length, the Baltoro Glacier is one of the longest non-polar glaciers in the world. Since the total lake area was constant at both times, the classification results do not contain any seasonal variations. doi:10.1126/science.1215828, PubMed Abstract | CrossRef Full Text | Google Scholar, Bookhagen, B., and Burbank, D. W. (2006). Structure and Evolution of the Drainage System of a Himalayan Debris-Covered Glacier, and its Relationship with Patterns of Mass Loss. Additionally, warmer springs lead to greater lake drainage later in the same year as more meltwater causes redevelopment of the subsurface drainage system (Liu et al., 2015). The glacier boundaries are derived from a Landsat-7 scene acquired on July 12, 2010, based on the Normalized Difference Snow index and manual editing. Lett. I like the idea of applying an old-school and very simple file format, along with freely available software, to do something that is difficult to achieve with other formats or commercial software.. As a reference, we used the classification results from September and October. Since 25 years of satellite coverage is compressed into one second, speeding up glacier movement by some 800 million times. Geografiska Annaler 41, 228230. J. Glaciol. Overall, the probability density data reinforce the observation of there being great year-to-year variability. Towards Understanding the Pattern of Glacier Mass Balances in High Mountain Asia Using Regional Climatic Modelling. FIGURE 6. The equivalent disaggregated data for Yermanendu and Liligo Lakes can be found in Supplementary Figure S4. doi:10.1029/98jd00995, Wendleder, A., Friedl, P., and Mayer, C. (2018). McKee, T. B., Doesken, N. J., and Kleist, J. However, the mean relative RSE of the multi-temporal time series was at 1.0% (total area of 9.151km2 with an absolute RSE of 0.0945km2) and showed better accuracy than the mean relative RSE of Sentinel-2, PlanetScope, TerraSAR-X, and Sentinel-1 with 7.1% (total area of 7.483km2 with an absolute RSE of 0.054km2). The animations are a very practical way to get a better overview and follow the changes through time, added Dr Paul. doi:10.5194/tc-12-3439-2018, Buri, P., Miles, E. S., Steiner, J. F., Ragettli, S., and Pellicciotti, F. (2021). It's located in the Gilgit-Baltistan region of Pakistan, home to . Using this approach, it was possible to discriminate between the classes debris, ice, and lake. For every scene, an individual threshold for the differentiation between the reflectance of ice and lake was automatically calculated using the unimodal threshold determination (Rosin, 2001). According to our definition, a negative distance indicated a local minimum. The map above depicts changes in glacier flow velocity in Asia from 2000 to 2017. doi:10.5194/tc-14-3215-2020, Dobreva, I., Bishop, M., and Bush, A. However, the seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes and thus their potential for influencing mass balance and ice dynamics have not yet been sufficiently analyzed. Miles et al. Nat. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.08.020, Weatherhead, E. C., Reinsel, G. C., Tiao, G. C., Meng, X.-L., Choi, D., Cheang, W.-K., et al. doi:10.5194/tc-9-1617-2015, Cooley, S., Smith, L., Stepan, L., and Mascaro, J. Consequently, the SAR area harmonization employed in the current study could not be applied for all lakes, only for persistent lakes, and the missing lake areas could not be interpolated based on Sentinel-2. To study the variability of supraglacial lakes on the Baltoro Glacier, we developed a semi-automatic approach based on multi-sensor and multi-temporal summertime series from 2016 to 2020 acquired by the optical sensors Sentinel-2 and PlanetScope and the SAR sensors Sentinel-1 and TerraSAR-X. (2016). It is located in the Shigar District of Gilgit-Baltistan in Pakistan, home to some of the world's highest mountains. Therefore, the Sentinel-2 Multi-Spectral Instrument (MSI) orthorectified Level-1C Top-Of-Atmospheric products were atmospherically corrected to L2A products using MAJA (MACCS ATCOR Joint Algorithm, release 4.2). The relationship between supraglacial lake evolution and meteorological conditions was analyzed using the corresponding monthly averaged air temperature at 2m above the surface and total precipitation data of the climate reanalysis dataset ERA5-Land (Hersbach and Bell, 2020). The time series is complemented by the high temporal sampling of PlanetScope data. FIGURE 10. doi:10.1016/j.isprsjprs.2015.01.007, Schmitt, A., Wendleder, A., Kleynmans, R., Hell, M., Roth, A., and Hinz, S. (2020). He believes that animated satellite images could also find use as educational tools, helping the wider public understand glacier dynamics. Although a near neighbour of Biafo, it has some very different characteristics. Travel Guides 2039 Baltoro Glacier is one of the most famous glacier and here are 15 must known facts. Develop. Spatial, Seasonal and Interannual Variability of Supraglacial Ponds in the Langtang Valley of Nepal, 1999-2013. From 2016 to 2019, the proportion of seasonal lakes was between 54 and 64% and fell to 30 and 33% in 2019 and 2020. (2008). The regional extent of the Baltoro Glacier system and relevant The classification was performed on amplitude and texture information. Hochschule Mnchen-Kartographie, Geomedientechnik. doi:10.3390/rs12060943, Selmes, N., Murray, T., and James, T. D. (2011). doi:10.1017/jog.2016.120, Miles, K. E., Willis, I. C., Benedek, C. L., Williamson, A. G., and Tedesco, M. (2017b). Cryosphere 12, 37193734. Remote Sensing Environ. Geophys. A significant increase for both indices above 1.0 is observed from 2016 to 2018 and in summer 2019, which represents moderate surpluses. (A) Decision tree of the Supraglacial Lake Index (SGLI). Table 4 lists the RSE for all sensors and the multi-temporal time series. Mass balance models can include such debris-dependent surface properties, but due to a lack of empirical data, it is difficult to readily include their impact on glacier melt rates. Glacier Change, Concentration, and Elevation Effects in the Karakoram Himalaya, Upper Indus basin. In 2018, the glacier downstream of Gore and the north exposed slopes near Liligo Lake and Urdukas were unusually snow-free by mid-April.

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